The Restoration Period in English Literature: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction
The Restoration Period in English literature, spanning from 1660 to 1700, marks a pivotal era characterized by the reestablishment of the monarchy with the return of Charles II. This period witnessed profound changes in literary expression, with a renewed emphasis on wit, satire, and a reaction against the moral rigidity of the preceding Puritan Age. Understanding this era requires delving into its historical context, literary characteristics, notable writers, and the enduring impact on subsequent literary traditions.
Historical Context
Time Period: 1660 to 1700
The Restoration Period is defined by the restoration of the monarchy in England with Charles II’s return to the throne in 1660. This significant event ended the Commonwealth period led by Oliver Cromwell and reinstated a sense of normalcy and celebration among the populace.
Major Events
Restoration of the Monarchy (1660): Charles II’s ascension marked a joyous return to traditional governance and a rejection of Puritanical austerity. The king’s court became a hub of cultural and literary activity.
The Great Plague (1665) and The Great Fire of London (1666): These catastrophic events deeply affected the social and cultural landscape, influencing writers to reflect on themes of mortality, renewal, and resilience in their works.
Development of Political Parties: The emergence of the Whigs and Tories during this time is mirrored in the literature, with political satire becoming a prominent tool for expressing partisan viewpoints.
Key Characteristics of Restoration Literature
Satire and Wit
Restoration literature is renowned for its sharp wit and biting satire. Writers of this period used humor and irony to critique society, politics, and human folly. The interplay of clever dialogue and astute observations became a hallmark of the era.
Comedy of Manners
This genre satirized the behavior and customs of the upper class, often highlighting their pretensions and superficiality. Playwrights like William Congreve excelled in creating intricate plots that exposed the follies of high society.
Heroic Drama
Restoration heroic drama is characterized by grandiose themes and bombastic language. These plays often featured larger-than-life characters and exotic settings, reflecting the grandeur and opulence of the restored monarchy.
Restoration Poetry
Restoration poetry emphasized elegance, wit, and meticulous form. Poets like John Dryden crafted verses that were both intellectually stimulating and aesthetically pleasing, often engaging with political and philosophical themes.
Notable Writers and Works
John Dryden
Absalom and Achitophel (1681): A masterful political satire in verse, this work allegorizes the biblical story of King David to comment on contemporary political events, particularly the Exclusion Crisis.
Mac Flecknoe (1682): A satirical poem that mocks the poet Thomas Shadwell, showcasing Dryden’s sharp wit and command of poetic form.
All for Love (1677): A heroic drama based on the story of Antony and Cleopatra, this play exemplifies the grandeur and emotional intensity of Restoration drama.
Aphra Behn
Oroonoko (1688): Considered one of the earliest English novels, this work tells the tragic story of an enslaved African prince, exploring themes of slavery, race, and colonialism.
The Rover (1677): A popular comedy of manners, this play delves into themes of love, honor, and adventure, reflecting Behn’s keen insight into human relationships.
William Congreve
The Way of the World (1700): A quintessential comedy of manners, this play is known for its intricate plot and sharp, witty dialogue, critiquing the mores of Restoration high society.
Samuel Pepys
The Diary of Samuel Pepys: This detailed and candid account of daily life during the Restoration provides invaluable historical insights, capturing the essence of the period’s social and cultural dynamics.
Read More – Romantic Age
Impact and Legacy
Theatre Revival
The Restoration era saw the reopening of theatres, which had been closed during the Puritan rule. This revival led to a flourishing of dramatic works, particularly comedies, that celebrated the return of public entertainment and artistic expression.
Development of Satire
Satirical writing became a powerful tool for social and political commentary during the Restoration, influencing later writers such as Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. The period’s emphasis on wit and irony set the stage for subsequent satirical traditions.
Expansion of Literary Forms
The Restoration period witnessed the development of new literary forms, including the novel and the periodical essay. These innovations expanded the scope of English literature, paving the way for future literary explorations.
Examination Tips
Understand Historical Context
To fully grasp Restoration literature, it is crucial to understand the political and social changes of the time. Be prepared to explain how events like the Restoration of the monarchy and the Great Fire of London influenced literary themes and styles.
Analyze Key Works
Focus on major works such as Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel” and Behn’s “Oroonoko.” Analyze their themes, style, and historical significance, considering how they reflect the broader concerns of the Restoration period.
Literary Techniques
Familiarize yourself with the literary techniques of the Restoration, including the use of satire, wit, and the characteristics of the comedy of manners. Understanding these elements will enhance your appreciation of the period’s literature.
Themes and Motifs
Identify common themes in Restoration literature, such as the critique of societal norms, the celebration of wit and intelligence, and the exploration of political power. Recognizing these motifs will help you draw connections between different works and authors.
Sample Questions
- Discuss the influence of the Restoration on the development of English theatre.
- Analyze the use of satire in John Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel.”
- How does Aphra Behn’s “Oroonoko” reflect the themes and concerns of the Restoration period?
- Examine the characteristics of the comedy of manners in William Congreve’s “The Way of the World.”
FAQs
What events defined the Restoration Period in English literature?
The Restoration Period is defined by the return of Charles II to the English throne in 1660, ending the Commonwealth period. Key events include the Great Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666, both of which had profound impacts on the literature and culture of the time.
Who were the prominent writers of the Restoration Period?
Prominent writers include John Dryden, known for his satires and heroic dramas; Aphra Behn, one of the first professional female writers; William Congreve, celebrated for his comedies of manners; and Samuel Pepys, whose diary provides a detailed account of Restoration life.
What are the characteristics of Restoration literature?
Restoration literature is characterized by its use of satire and wit, the popularity of the comedy of manners, the grandeur of heroic drama, and the elegant, structured nature of its poetry. These works often critiqued societal norms and celebrated intellectual and artistic expression.
How did the Restoration influence English theatre?
The Restoration led to the reopening of theatres, which had been closed during the Puritan rule. This revival resulted in a flourishing of dramatic works, particularly comedies, that celebrated the return of public entertainment and artistic freedom.
What themes are commonly explored in Restoration literature?
Common themes include the critique of societal norms and behaviors, the exploration of political power and corruption, the celebration of wit and intelligence, and the examination of human folly and hypocrisy.
How did the development of political parties influence Restoration literature?
The emergence of the Whigs and Tories during the Restoration is reflected in the literature of the time, with writers using satire to comment on and critique political events and figures. This period saw the rise of political satire as a significant literary form.
Conclusion
The Restoration Period in English literature is a rich and dynamic era that reshaped the literary landscape of England. With its emphasis on satire, wit, and the critique of societal norms, this period produced some of the most enduring works and influential writers in the English literary canon. Understanding the historical context, key characteristics, and major works of this era provides valuable insights into the evolution of English literature and its ongoing legacy.
