Introduction

The Puritan Age in English literature, spanning from approximately 1620 to 1660, was a significant period characterized by intense religious, political, and social changes. Named after the Puritans, a religious group intent on purifying the Church of England, this era produced a wealth of influential literature that reflects the values and conflicts of the time.

In this article, we will delve into the historical context, key characteristics, notable writers and works, and the lasting impact of Puritan literature. Students preparing for exams will find essential insights and tips to navigate this complex period.

Historical Context

Time Period

The Puritan Age lasted from around 1620 to 1660, a tumultuous time in English history that witnessed major upheavals.

Major Events

• English Civil War (1642-1651): This conflict pitted the Royalists, loyal to King Charles I, against the Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell. The war stemmed from deep-seated political and religious disagreements.
• Execution of Charles I (1649): The execution of the king marked a significant turning point, leading to the establishment of the Commonwealth under Cromwell’s rule.
• Restoration of the Monarchy (1660): The monarchy was restored with the ascension of Charles II, bringing an end to the Puritan dominance.

Key Characteristics of Puritan Literature

Religious Focus

Puritan literature was deeply rooted in religious themes. The primary aim was to glorify God and reflect on spiritual matters such as morality and the afterlife.

Plain Style

Writers adopted a plain style, characterized by simple and direct language. This approach was a deliberate departure from the ornate styles of the past, aligning with Puritan values of simplicity and piety.

Didactic Purpose

Puritan works were often didactic, intending to teach and promote moral behaviour and religious principles. Literature served as a tool for spiritual instruction and reflection.

Reflection of Political and Social Issues

The literature of this period frequently addressed the political and social turbulence of the time. Writers used their works to comment on the nature of authority, governance, and the societal shifts they witnessed.

Notable Writers and Works

John Milton

• Paradise Lost (1667): This epic poem is one of the most significant works in English literature, detailing the Fall of Man and the rebellion of Satan. It explores themes of sin, redemption, and divine justice.
• Paradise Regained (1671): A sequel to “Paradise Lost,” this poem focuses on the temptation of Christ, offering a profound meditation on spiritual strength and redemption.
• Samson Agonistes (1671): A tragic drama based on the biblical story of Samson, reflecting themes of faith, struggle, and redemption.

John Bunyan

• The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678): An allegorical narrative that depicts the journey of an everyman character, Christian, to the Celestial City. The work is a profound reflection of Puritan beliefs and values, emphasizing the spiritual journey and the trials faced along the way.

Richard Baxter

• The Saints’ Everlasting Rest (1650): This religious treatise encourages piety and the anticipation of heaven, serving as a guide for spiritual reflection and moral conduct.

Andrew Marvell

• To His Coy Mistress: A metaphysical poem that combines carpe diem themes with elaborate imagery and wit. It reflects the complexity and depth of Puritan thought and literary style.

Read More – Restoration Period Of English Literature

Impact and Legacy

Religious Influence

The Puritan emphasis on Bible reading and personal piety had a lasting impact on the development of English prose and religious literature. Their works contributed to a rich tradition of spiritual reflection and moral instruction.

Political Commentary

Puritan literature often served as a commentary on the political upheaval of the time. Writers like Milton used their literary talents to critique the nature of authority and governance, influencing future generations of political thought.

Transition to the Restoration

The end of the Puritan Age marked a transition to the Restoration period, which saw a return to more diverse literary forms and themes. This shift set the stage for a new era of literary exploration and innovation.

Examination Tips

Understand Historical Context

Students should be able to explain how historical events like the Civil War and Cromwell’s rule influenced the literature of the time. Understanding the broader context helps in grasping the nuances of Puritan works.

Analyze Key Works

Focus on major works such as “Paradise Lost” and “The Pilgrim’s Progress.” Analyze their themes, structure, and impact to gain a deeper understanding of the period’s literature.

Literary Techniques

Be familiar with the plain style of Puritan writing and how it contrasts with the more ornate styles of previous periods. Recognize the use of simple, direct language to convey profound religious and moral messages.

Themes and Motifs

Identify common themes such as sin and redemption, the nature of authority, and the individual’s relationship with God. Understanding these recurring motifs will help in interpreting and analyzing Puritan literature.

Sample Questions

• How did the English Civil War impact Puritan literature?
• Analyze the themes of sin and redemption in John Milton’s “Paradise Lost.”
• In what ways does “The Pilgrim’s Progress” reflect Puritan beliefs and values?
• Compare and contrast the literary styles of John Milton and John Bunyan.

Conclusion

The Puritan Age in English literature was a period of profound religious and political significance. Its literature reflects the intense spiritual and moral concerns of the time, offering invaluable insights into the Puritan worldview. By understanding the historical context, analyzing key works, and recognizing common themes and literary techniques, students can effectively prepare for their exams and gain a comprehensive appreciation of this influential period.